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    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !                                                                              |
    !              ||===\\                                                         | 
    !              ||    \\                                                        |
    !              ||     ||   //==\\   ||  ||   //==||  ||/==\\                   |
    !              ||     ||  ||    ||  ||  ||  ||   ||  ||    ||                  |
    !              ||    //   ||    ||  ||  ||  ||   ||  ||                        |
    !              ||===//     \\==//    \\==\\  \\==\\  ||                        |
    !                                                                              |
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !                                                                              |
    !              UPDATE_CLOUD_STRUCTURE    Feb. 2007                             |
    !                                                                              |
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    
    subroutine update_cloud_structure (cl,os,params,ninject,nremove,istep)
    
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !(((((((((((((((( Purpose of the routine  ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    ! this file contains the operations done on a 3D cloud of particles
    ! to check the density of particles, accordingly add or remove particles
    ! and transfer the fields carried by the cloud (here the original
    ! position of the particles)
    
    ! First it initializes the fields to the current (thus original) position
    
    ! then we also interpolate the fields (original position) onto the
    ! corresponding fields of the octree solve in order for the information 
    ! to be available during matrix building operation
    
    ! cl is the cloud
    ! os is the octree solve
    ! npmin is the minimum number of particles in any leaf of the octree solve
    ! npmax is the maximum number of particles in the smallest leaves of the
    !    octree solve
    ! ninject is number of new particles injected in the cloud
    ! nremove is number of particles removed from the cloud
    ! levelmax_oct is maximum level of octree solve
    
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !((((((((((((((((  declaration of the subroutine arguments  ))))))))))))))))))))
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
          
    use definitions
    
    implicit none
          
    type (cloud) cl
    type (octreesolve) os
    type (parameters) params
    integer ninject
    integer nremove
    type (octreev) ov
    integer istep
    
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !(((((((((((((((( declaration of the subroutine internal variables )))))))))))))
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    
    integer ierr,iproc,nproc,i,j,k,ic,jc,kk,ii
    integer np,ne,nn,npnew,ie,npswap,ntest,ninjectp,kinject,kkinject,nchoice
    integer,dimension(:),allocatable::loc,nloc,ntot,remove,lev,done
    integer err,leaf,level,locc,ndist,nisolated,ntodo,nremovep
    integer, dimension(:,:), allocatable :: imemswap
    
    double precision x0,y0,z0,dxyz,distmax,dist,distmin,xx,yy,zz,h(8),ww,r,s,t
    double precision,dimension(:),allocatable::xtest,ytest,ztest
    double precision,dimension(:),allocatable::xinject,yinject,zinject
    double precision,dimension(:),allocatable::straininject,x0inject,y0inject,z0inject
    double precision,dimension(:),allocatable::strain,w
    double precision,dimension(:,:),allocatable::memswap
    
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    
    INCLUDE 'mpif.h'
    
    call mpi_comm_size (mpi_comm_world,nproc,ierr)
    call mpi_comm_rank (mpi_comm_world,iproc,ierr)
    
    np=cl%np
    ne=os%nleaves
    nn=os%nnode
    ntest=10
    
    ! check number of particles to inject/remove to adjust the size of arrays
    ! in main program
    
    allocate (ntot(ne),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in allocating ntot in update_cloud$')
    allocate (lev(ne),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in allocating lev in update_cloud$')
    
    ntot=0
    do i=1,np
       call octree_find_leaf (os%octree,os%noctree,cl%x(i),cl%y(i),cl%z(i), &
                              leaf,level,locc,x0,y0,z0,dxyz)
       ntot(leaf)=ntot(leaf)+1
    enddo
    
    call  octree_find_element_level (os%octree,os%noctree,lev,ne)
    
    ninject=0
    nremove=0
    do ie=1,ne
       if (ntot(ie).lt.params%npmin) ninject=ninject+(params%npmin-ntot(ie))
       if (ntot(ie).gt.params%npmax .and. lev(ie).ge.params%levelmax_oct) &
          nremove=nremove+(ntot(ie)-params%npmax)
    enddo
    
    deallocate (ntot)
    deallocate (lev)
    
    if (ninject.gt.0.and.iproc.eq.0) write (8,*) 'Injecting ',ninject,' particles'
    if (nremove.gt.0.and.iproc.eq.0) write (8,*) 'Removing ',nremove,' particles'
    
    npswap=cl%np
    if (npswap.ne.0) then
       allocate (memswap(10,npswap),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc memswap in main$')
       allocate (imemswap(1,npswap),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc imemswap in main$')
       memswap(1,:)=cl%x
       memswap(2,:)=cl%y
       memswap(3,:)=cl%z
       memswap(4,:)=cl%x0
       memswap(5,:)=cl%y0
       memswap(6,:)=cl%z0
       memswap(7,:)=cl%strain
       memswap(8,:)=cl%lsf0
       memswap(9,:)=cl%temp
       memswap(10,:)=cl%press
       imemswap(1,:)=cl%tag
    endif
    
    deallocate (cl%x)
    deallocate (cl%y)
    deallocate (cl%z)
    deallocate (cl%x0)
    deallocate (cl%y0)
    deallocate (cl%z0)
    deallocate (cl%strain)
    deallocate (cl%temp)
    deallocate (cl%press)
    deallocate (cl%lsf0)
    deallocate (cl%tag)
    
    npnew=cl%np+ninject-nremove
    npnew=max(npnew,npswap)
    
    allocate (cl%x(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%x in main$')
    allocate (cl%y(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%y in main$')
    allocate (cl%z(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%z in main$')
    allocate (cl%x0(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%x0 in main$')
    allocate (cl%y0(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%y0 in main$')
    allocate (cl%z0(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%z0 in main$')
    allocate (cl%strain(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%strain in main$')
    allocate (cl%temp(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%temp in main$')
    allocate (cl%press(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%press in main$')
    allocate (cl%lsf0(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%lsf0 in main$')
    allocate (cl%tag(npnew),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc cl%tag in main$')
            
    if (npswap.ne.0) then
       cl%x(1:npswap)=memswap(1,:)
       cl%y(1:npswap)=memswap(2,:)
       cl%z(1:npswap)=memswap(3,:)
       cl%x0(1:npswap)=memswap(4,:)
       cl%y0(1:npswap)=memswap(5,:)
       cl%z0(1:npswap)=memswap(6,:)
       cl%strain(1:npswap)=memswap(7,:)
       cl%lsf0(1:npswap)=memswap(8,:)
       cl%temp(1:npswap)=memswap(9,:)
       cl%press(1:npswap)=memswap(10,:)
       cl%tag(1:npswap)=imemswap(1,:)
       deallocate (memswap)
       deallocate (imemswap)
    else
       cl%strain=0.d0
       cl%lsf0=0.d0
       cl%temp=0.d0
       cl%press=0.d0
       cl%tag=1
    endif
    
    ! first build location array
    ! ntot(ie) is number of particles in leaf ie
    ! nloc(ie) is location in array loc of where the particles belonging to ie are stored
    ! loc(nloc(ie):nloc(ie)+ntot(ie)-1) is list of particles belonging to ie
    
    allocate (loc(np),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc loc in update_cloud$')
    allocate (nloc(ne),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc nloc in update_cloud$')
    allocate (ntot(ne),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc ntot in update_cloud$')
    allocate (lev(ne),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc lev in update_cloud$')
    allocate (remove(np),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc remove in update_cloud$')
    
    ntot=0
    do i=1,np
       call octree_find_leaf (os%octree,os%noctree,cl%x(i),cl%y(i),cl%z(i), &
                              leaf,level,locc,x0,y0,z0,dxyz)
       ntot(leaf)=ntot(leaf)+1
    enddo
    
    nloc(1)=1
    do ie=2,ne
       nloc(ie)=nloc(ie-1)+ntot(ie-1)
    enddo
    
    ntot=0
    loc=0
    do i=1,np
       call octree_find_leaf (os%octree,os%noctree,cl%x(i),cl%y(i),cl%z(i), &
                              leaf,level,locc,x0,y0,z0,dxyz)
       loc(nloc(leaf)+ntot(leaf))=i
       ntot(leaf)=ntot(leaf)+1
    enddo
    
    call  octree_find_element_level (os%octree,os%noctree,lev,ne)
    
    ! first check for injection
    
    ninjectp=ninject
    ninject=0
    do ie=1,ne
       if (ntot(ie).lt.params%npmin) then
          ninject=ninject+(params%npmin-ntot(ie))
       endif
    enddo
    
    allocate (xinject(ninject),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc xinject in update_cloud$')
    allocate (yinject(ninject),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc yinject in update_cloud$')
    allocate (zinject(ninject),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc zinject in update_cloud$')
    allocate (straininject(ninject),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc straininject in update_cloud$')
    allocate (x0inject(ninject),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc x0inject in update_cloud$')
    allocate (y0inject(ninject),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc y0inject in update_cloud$')
    allocate (z0inject(ninject),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc z0inject in update_cloud$')
    
    
    if (ninject.ne.ninjectp) call stop_run ('error 1 in update_cloud$')
    
    kinject=0
    do ie=1,ne
       if (ntot(ie).lt.params%npmin) then
          kkinject=kinject+1
          do ii=1,params%npmin-ntot(ie)
             allocate (xtest(ntest),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc xtest in update_cloud$')
             allocate (ytest(ntest),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc ytest in update_cloud$')
             allocate (ztest(ntest),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc ztest in update_cloud$')
             call random_number (xtest)
             call random_number (ytest)
             call random_number (ztest)
             xtest=os%x(os%icon(1,ie))+xtest*(os%x(os%icon(2,ie))-os%x(os%icon(1,ie)))
             ytest=os%y(os%icon(1,ie))+ytest*(os%y(os%icon(3,ie))-os%y(os%icon(1,ie)))
             ztest=os%z(os%icon(1,ie))+ztest*(os%z(os%icon(5,ie))-os%z(os%icon(1,ie)))
             distmax=0.d0
             nchoice=0
             do i=1,ntest
                dist=0.d0
                ndist=0
                do k=1,ntot(ie)
                   dist=dist+(xtest(i)-cl%x(loc(nloc(ie)+k-1)))**2+ &
                             (ytest(i)-cl%y(loc(nloc(ie)+k-1)))**2+ &
                             (ztest(i)-cl%z(loc(nloc(ie)+k-1)))**2
                   ndist=ndist+1
                enddo
                do k=1,8
                   dist=dist+(xtest(i)-os%x(os%icon(k,ie)))**2+ &
                             (ytest(i)-os%y(os%icon(k,ie)))**2+ &
                             (ztest(i)-os%z(os%icon(k,ie)))**2
                   ndist=ndist+1
                enddo
                do k=kkinject,kinject
                   dist=dist+(xtest(i)-xinject(k))**2+ &
                             (ytest(i)-yinject(k))**2+ &
                             (ztest(i)-zinject(k))**2
                   ndist=ndist+1
                enddo
                dist=dist/ndist
                if (dist.gt.distmax) then
                   distmax=dist
                   nchoice=i
                endif
             enddo
             if (nchoice.eq.0) call stop_run ('error in finding inject part loc$')
             ! found the random particle that is the furthest away from the others and the
             ! 8 nodes of the leaf and previously injected ones; now we inject a particle
             kinject=kinject+1
             xinject(kinject)=xtest(nchoice)
             yinject(kinject)=ytest(nchoice)
             zinject(kinject)=ztest(nchoice)
             deallocate (xtest)
             deallocate (ytest)
             deallocate (ztest)
          enddo
       endif
    enddo
    
    if (kinject.ne.ninjectp) call stop_run ('error 2 in update_cloud$')
    
    ! second check for removal
    
    remove=0
    do ie=1,ne
       if (ntot(ie).gt.params%npmax.and.lev(ie).ge.params%levelmax_oct) then
          do ii=1,ntot(ie)-params%npmax
             distmin=1.d2
             nchoice=0
             do i=1,ntot(ie)
                if (remove(loc(nloc(ie)+i-1)).eq.0) then
                   dist=0.d0
                   ndist=0
                   xx=cl%x(loc(nloc(ie)+i-1))
                   yy=cl%y(loc(nloc(ie)+i-1))
                   zz=cl%z(loc(nloc(ie)+i-1))
                   do k=1,ntot(ie)
                      if (remove(loc(nloc(ie)+k-1)).eq.0 .and. k.ne.i) then
                         dist=dist+(xx-cl%x(loc(nloc(ie)+k-1)))**2+ &
                                   (yy-cl%y(loc(nloc(ie)+k-1)))**2+ &
                                   (zz-cl%z(loc(nloc(ie)+k-1)))**2
                         ndist=ndist+1
                      endif
                   enddo
                   do k=1,8
                      dist=dist+(xx-os%x(os%icon(k,ie)))**2+ &
                                (yy-os%y(os%icon(k,ie)))**2+ &
                                (zz-os%z(os%icon(k,ie)))**2
                      ndist=ndist+1
                   enddo
                   dist=dist/ndist
                   if (dist.lt.distmin) then
                      distmin=dist
                      nchoice=loc(nloc(ie)+i-1)
                   endif
                endif
             enddo
             if (nchoice.eq.0) call stop_run ('error in finding inject part loc$')
             ! found the particle that is the closest to the others and the
             ! 8 nodes of the leaf; we remove it
             remove(nchoice)=1
          enddo
       endif
    enddo
    
    
    
    
    ! now interpolate onto the nodes of the octree solve
    
    os%strain=0.d0
    allocate (strain(nn),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc strain in update_cloud$')
    allocate (w(nn),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('error in alloc /w in update_cloud')
    
    strain=0.d0
    w=0.d0
    do i=1,np
       call octree_find_leaf (os%octree,os%noctree,cl%x(i),cl%y(i),cl%z(i), &
                              leaf,level,locc,x0,y0,z0,dxyz)
       r=(cl%x(i)-x0)/dxyz*2.d0-1.d0
       s=(cl%y(i)-y0)/dxyz*2.d0-1.d0
       t=(cl%z(i)-z0)/dxyz*2.d0-1.d0
       h(1)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(2)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(3)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(4)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(5)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       h(6)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       h(7)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       h(8)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       do k=1,8
          ic=os%icon(k,leaf)
          ww=h(k)/dxyz**3
          w(ic)=w(ic)+ww
          strain(ic)=strain(ic)+ww*cl%strain(i)
       enddo
    enddo
    
    if (np.gt.0) then
       allocate (done(os%nnode),stat=err) ; if (err.ne.0) call stop_run ('Error alloc done in update_cloud$')
       nisolated=0
       done=0
       do i=1,os%nnode
          if (w(i).gt.0.d0) then
             os%strain(i)=strain(i)/w(i)
          else
             done(i)=1
             nisolated=nisolated+1
          endif
       enddo
       if (iproc.eq.0) write (8,*) 'There were ',nisolated,' octree nodes'
    
    111   continue
    
       strain=0.d0
       w=0.d0
       do ie=1,os%nleaves
          do k=1,8
             ic=os%icon(k,ie)
             if (done(ic).eq.1) then
                do kk=1,8
                   jc=os%icon(kk,ie)
                   if (done(jc).eq.0) then
                      ww=1.d0/dxyz**3
                      w(ic)=w(ic)+ww
                      strain(ic)=strain(ic)+os%strain(jc)*ww
                   endif
                enddo
             endif
          enddo
       enddo
    
       ntodo=0
       do i=1,os%nnode
          if (done(i).eq.1) then
             if (w(i).gt.0.d0) then
                done(i)=0
                os%strain(i)=strain(i)/w(i)
             else
                ntodo=ntodo+1
             endif
          endif
       enddo
    
       if (iproc.eq.0) write (8,*) ntodo,' Isolated left '
    
       if (ntodo.ne.0) goto 111
    
       deallocate (done)
    
    endif
    
    deallocate (strain)
    deallocate (w)
    
    ! now calculate the field value at the new (injected points)
    
    straininject=0.d0
    x0inject=0.d0
    y0inject=0.d0
    z0inject=0.d0
    do i=1,ninject
       call octree_find_leaf (os%octree,os%noctree,xinject(i),yinject(i),zinject(i), &
                              leaf,level,locc,x0,y0,z0,dxyz)
       r=(xinject(i)-x0)/dxyz*2.d0-1.d0
       s=(yinject(i)-y0)/dxyz*2.d0-1.d0
       t=(zinject(i)-z0)/dxyz*2.d0-1.d0
       h(1)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(2)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(3)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(4)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0-t)/8.d0
       h(5)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       h(6)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0-s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       h(7)=(1.d0-r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       h(8)=(1.d0+r)*(1.d0+s)*(1.d0+t)/8.d0
       do k=1,8
          straininject(i)=straininject(i)+os%strain(os%icon(k,leaf))*h(k)
          x0inject(i)=x0inject(i)+os%x(os%icon(k,leaf))*h(k)
          y0inject(i)=y0inject(i)+os%y(os%icon(k,leaf))*h(k)
          z0inject(i)=z0inject(i)+os%z(os%icon(k,leaf))*h(k)
       enddo
    enddo
    
    ! modify the particle cloud for removal/injection of particles
    
    nremovep=0
    do i=1,np
       if (remove(i).eq.1) then
          nremovep=nremovep+1
       else
          cl%x(i-nremovep)=cl%x(i)
          cl%y(i-nremovep)=cl%y(i)
          cl%z(i-nremovep)=cl%z(i)
          cl%x0(i-nremovep)=cl%x0(i)
          cl%y0(i-nremovep)=cl%y0(i)
          cl%z0(i-nremovep)=cl%z0(i)
          cl%strain(i-nremovep)=cl%strain(i)
          cl%lsf0(i-nremovep)=cl%lsf0(i)
          cl%temp(i-nremovep)=cl%temp(i)
          cl%press(i-nremovep)=cl%press(i)
          cl%tag(i-nremovep)=cl%tag(i)
    
       endif
    enddo
    
    if (nremovep.ne.nremove) call stop_run ('error in update_cloud/remove$')
    
    np=np-nremovep
    
    do i=1,ninject
       np=np+1
       cl%x(np)=xinject(i)
       cl%y(np)=yinject(i)
       cl%z(np)=zinject(i)
       cl%x0(np)=x0inject(i)
       cl%y0(np)=y0inject(i)
       cl%z0(np)=z0inject(i)
       cl%strain(np)=straininject(i)
       cl%lsf0(np)=0.d0
       cl%temp(np)=0.d0
       cl%press(np)=0.d0
       cl%ntag=cl%ntag+1
       cl%tag(np)=cl%ntag
    enddo
    
    ! in first step, we set the original particle positions to their
    ! current position
    
    if (cl%np.eq.0) then
       do i=1,np
          cl%x0(i)=cl%x(i)
          cl%y0(i)=cl%y(i)
          cl%z0(i)=cl%z(i)
          cl%strain(i)=0.d0
          cl%temp(i)=0.d0
          cl%press(i)=0.d0
          cl%lsf0(i)=0.d0
          cl%tag(i)=i
       enddo
       cl%ntag=np
    endif
    
    cl%np=np
    
    deallocate (xinject)
    deallocate (yinject)
    deallocate (zinject)
    deallocate (straininject)
    deallocate (x0inject,y0inject,z0inject)
    deallocate (loc)
    deallocate (nloc)
    deallocate (ntot)
    deallocate (remove)
    deallocate (lev)
    
    if (iproc.eq.0) then
       write (8,*) 'Strain on osolve ',minval(os%strain),maxval(os%strain)
       write (8,*) cl%np,' particles in 3D cloud'
    end if
    
    return
    end
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
    !------------------------------------------------------------------------------|